Chomsky s Influence On Cognitive Psychology - 1786 Words

Noam Chomsky, linguist, played an important role in cognitive psychology. Chomsky had reviewed and critiqued B. F. Skinner’s published materials regarding behaviorism (Radvansky Ashcraft, 2014; Qiang, Yongyong, Yongquan, 2013). He criticized Skinner for leaving out an important aspect of language (Radvansky Ashcraft, 2014). Chomsky explained that when language is produced our brain is abiding by rules that are stored in memory (Radvansky Ashcraft, 2014). This led to the development of cognitive psychology and Chomsky’s theory regarding language (Qiang, Yongyong, Yongquan, 2013). Chomsky believed that language was a good example as to how the cognitive process works within individuals (Grider, 1993). In order to fully understand language, Chomsky looked at production and perception of language (Grider, 1993; Mayer, 1981). It was important to him to analyze what played a role in the production and perception of language (Grider, 1993; Mayer, 1981). Chomsky believed that structures in our brain helps us be able to comprehend different sentence structures that make sense (Grider, 1993). Those structures were thought to be â€Å"surface structures and deep structures† (Grider, 1993; Hayes, 1970). Surface structures were thought to deal with the grammar of a sentence (Grider, 1993). Deep structures looked at the meaning of the sentence (Grider, 1993). Chomsky thought that grammar occurs on three different levels (Radvansky Ashcraft, 2014). These levels wereShow MoreRelatedEvolution of Cognitive Psychology1054 Words   |  5 PagesEvolution of Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology is defined as â€Å"the scientific study of mental processes† (Riegler Riegler 2008, p. 1). During the 1960s, cognitive psychology became an emerging presence in the field of psychology. During this time period, attention to the study of â€Å"how internal states, such as thoughts, feelings, and moods influence behavior† (Cherry 2010, p. 12). Cognitive psychology studies how individuals think, comprehend language, and form beliefs. Human developmentRead MoreEvolution of Cognitive Psychology1105 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: EVOLUTION OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY PAPER Evolution of Cognitive Psychology PSYCH 560 Latrice T. Colbert Julie Bruno, Psy.D September 6, 2010 Cognition is a term referring to the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension, including thinking, knowing, remembering, judging and problem-solving. Not only is cognitive psychology central to everything a person does in his or her everyday life, it is also central to psychology’s quest to understand how peopleRead MoreChomsky s Theory On Transformational Generative Grammar1117 Words   |  5 PagesStage 1 Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, logician, and political commentator. He was born on December 7th, 1928 in Philadelphia. He is sometimes referred to as the father of modern linguistics. He earned a PhD in linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania. He has been a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) since 1955. Chomsky has written over one hundred books in his life. He is known for his theories regarding linguisticsRead MoreCognitive Affective1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe Study of Cognitive   amp; Affective Bases of Psychology Cognitive and affective psychology is the empirical branch of psychology, which aims to answer all questions regarding human activities, related to knowledge and emotions, such as, how we think, learn, and remember. It is grounded on the theory that thoughts and emotions affect our behavior; furthermore, behavior can be changed through a modification of our thoughts or emotions. Cognitive psychologists examine how our minds obtainRead More Cognitive Psychology Essay1753 Words   |  8 PagesCognitive Psychology Psychology is defined as the study of mind, emotion and behaviour. One major perspective within psychology is known as cognitive psychology, which is primarily concerned with the explanation of thought processes through the development of theoretical mental systems. Cognitivism is somewhat broad in it’s approaches to psychology and only linked in it’s goal to createRead MoreCharacteristics Of A First And Second Language : Behaviorism, Innatism And Social Interactionist Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pages Over the past decades, a variety of approaches have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of language acquisition. These models were influenced by variety of disciplines and research directions, such as cognitive psychology, linguistics, etc.; therefore, the models relate to linguistic development in various ways. One of the most striking differences between the approaches is the perception of the place of heredity and environment in the process of acquiring language, butRead MoreFactors that Promote Rapid Language Learning in Children?1406 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Chomsky (1972), language acquisition is one of the exclusive characteristics of human beings and is known as the jewel in the crown of cognition (Pinker, 1994). It is well known that other species on earth have communication system also, but differ substantially in their qualities from human communication. Several attempts have been made to teach apes to speak (Allen Gardner, 1969; Savage-Rumbaugh, Sevcik, H opkins, 1988), but language acquisition is a mystery of human beings, itRead MoreIs Psychology A Science?998 Words   |  4 PagesThe question that ‘psychology is a Science’ motivates a substantially critical debate amongst many professions, having very strong opinions. To come to a vigorous conclusion on this subject we must take into recognition both sides of the argument, what is science, and weather Psychology meets the principles of Science. In doing this the following essay will be debating the principles of science, the scientific unifying approach, poppers opinion on whether psychology is a science through his theoryRead MoreLanguage Development4237 Words   |  17 Pageschildren develop their cognitive and language skills in a context that is influenced by social and biological factors. The literature review discusses the Cognitive and Social Constructivism theories and their influence on the education field. In addition the author presents how children devel op their language at different stages and how those stages influence the growth and development of a second language. Language acquisition is one of the most important topics in cognitive development. In theRead MoreThe Effect Of Environmental And Genetics On The Development Of A Person1000 Words   |  4 PagesOne of these oldest arguments in the history of psychology is the debate of whether or not ones environment or genetic background plays more of a role in the development of a person. Both nature and nurture have been proven to play an important role in one’s development. Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception e.g. the product of exposure, experience

Analysis Of Cisco s Corporate Culture, Strategy And...

This report contains the results of our analysis of Cisco’s corporate culture, strategy and restructuring activity. This report was commissioned at the request of Cisco CEO John Chambers in preparation for the July 2002 Board of Directors Meeting. Our enquiry commenced in August 2001 from which time our team worked to gather information and interview Cisco personnel. Through this effort, we were able to identify the challenges associated with the restructuring effort as well as its effects on Cisco’s corporate culture and its clientele. Our analysis focused on the following topics: Customer-Centric Culture Strategy and Structure Action Planning In summary, we found that Cisco effectively promoted their corporate values and empowered their corporate culture through fair treatment, member loyalty and participation. The culture encourages commitment to their customers and extraordinary service principles. A recent shift in the market prompted Cisco to restructure its organization. This change introduced new vulnerabilities. Within this report is our recommendation to assist in the transition and a roadmap to ensure its success. THE PROBLEM Cisco s efforts to restructure have created many challenges for this team. Upon analysis, we have concluded that the decision to reorganize in order to keep Cisco relevant in the evolving technology market is the correct one. The company needed to adapt in order to maintain their strong reputation in the industry. They have goneShow MoreRelatedEssay on Cisco Systems Case Study5151 Words   |  21 PagesCisco Systems, Inc. International Business Case Study Executive Summary Cisco Systems is a global market leader and innovator of computer communications and networking solutions. Established in the 1980’s, the company rapidly developed into the world’s greatest manufacturer of internet routers and was/is a foremost provider of commercial communication network devices. The aim of this case study report is to create an understanding of Cisco’s historical international business activities asRead MoreIt and the Changing Social Division of Labor7927 Words   |  32 PagesEnterprise Department of Commerce Auditorium Washington, D.C., January 27-28, 2003 Draft! Comments and suggestions welcome, but please do not quote! The impact of information technology on business, economy and society cannot be examined without an analysis of the profound changes in the productive structure of global capitalism. In the electronics industry, a new model of outsourced manufacturing has emerged as the centrepiece of globalized production networks: Contract Manufacturing (CM) or ElectronicsRead MoreMckinsey 7s Framework4012 Words   |  17 Pagesand Peters (who also developed the MBWA-- Management By Walking Around motif, and authored In Search of Excellence) in the 1980s. This was a strategic vision for groups, to include businesses, business units, and teams. 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Literacy Learning In the Early Years Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Literacy Learning In the Early Years. Answer: Funds of knowledge The researchers Normal Gonazalex, Deborah Neff, Cathy Amanti, and Luis Moll (2001) has defined the term funds of knowledge as something that is referring to the accumulation of the bodies of knowledge and skills historically and that has been developed culturally which is very much important for the functioning of the household or the individual and their well-being (p. 133). When the role of an expert and teacher is shed by the teachers instead of taking a new role as the learner then they will be able to know their students along with the family members of these students in a completely new and discrete ways. With the help of this new type of knowledge, the households of the student can be seen by them, which consist of the rich intellectual and cultural resources (Miller, Cable Goodliff, 2014). Also, these are the resources which are supposed to be used in classrooms so that they can provide lessons that are meaningful and are culturally responsive which will be tapping the prior knowledge of students. The information that is learned in this process by the teachers regarding their students is considered to be funds of knowledge of students (Whitebread Coltman, 2015). For instance, from a perspective of social, cultural trait the reality of the ability of the childrens to follow their own interests is completely reliant on the learning environment structure, routines that disrupt opportunities of learning, the amount of communication with adults and peers, delivery of resources, and the potentials of the interest of childrens and the inquiries that are to be linked with the valuable learning. The background of the children and young people they work with is Important Though it might sound like a simple question that what is the requirements for the current or future education professionals to understand the background of the children and the young people they work with is because as a teachers it very much important to remember as a part of your job in understanding something regarding every student in their classroom. For the students who have come from the similar kind of backgrounds like teachers, then this will definitely not be a tough task. But for the students who have come from a different background like whose upbringing is different, vastly when compared your own, then it might be very much difficult to understand (Miller, Cable Goodliff, 2014). The funds of knowledge are considered to be one of the ways which help to get connected with the child and their family. It is defined as the responsibility of every teacher to make an attempt at learning something unique regarding every student they are teaching. It has been proposed by Miller, Cable Goodliff (2014) that teachers have to build their knowledge on the occurring of the childrens homes and practice them (Miller, Cable Goodliff, 2014). By having a thorough understanding of the prior knowledge of every student along with their interests and the home background of that student and also the funds of knowledge, it is easy for the students and teachers to extend the knowledge of that child in a meaningful way. With the help of the concept of knowledge a positive and credit based way is provided to the teachers in knowing the lives and interests of the students and by having the collaboration of teachers with their parents regarding their learning the disconnection between the homes and centers will be reduced. To find out more about the family backgrounds and what funds of knowledge come from For gaining the knowledge regarding the households and the social networks of the students by teachers, they should be willing to visit their homes and student communities so that they can observe and learn just not only about them but also they can learn from their students along with them and their facilities for the students. On funds of knowledge, most of the literatures will be involving the collaboration of teachers with the ethnographers and conducting the fieldwork of ethnography. Along with the ethnographic methods, the teachers should learn the reflexivity (Whitebread Coltman, 2015). For becoming the researchers regarding the funds of knowledge of students, the teachers should be willing to talk not only to their students, but they should also have the desire of traveling to their students home for the meeting and visiting their family members of the house of the student. The following plan has been adapted from the article of Moll et al. The funds of knowledge for teaching: Using a Qualitative Approach to Connect Homes and Classrooms (2011) to learn more about the students funds of knowledge: Teachers should conduct the interviews of the household with numerous parents. This fieldwork would help them in knowing more about their students and their family members. A formal interview has to be conducted with the parents after spending a lot of time in having discussions with their children. In their country regarding the life of the family, some of the set of questions has to be established by the teacher teams. After the completion of the home visits of students, the field notes that is collected by them has to be compared and discussed of what have they learned. Ethnography: Other than ethnography there are various other methods which can be used for knowing the students funds of knowledge. A classroom instruction can be organized by capitalizing the household and other resources of the community. This type of interaction will be exceeding the quality similar to the rote-like instruction that is encountered in schools commonly by children (Miller, Cable Goodliff, 2014). A combination of observations of ethnography, along with interviewing strategies that are open-ended, case studies, and life histories can be utilized by combining it analytically. By this, the complex functions within the socio-historical contexts of households can be portrayed accurately. What literacy teaching activities would give you access to your students' funds of knowledge? The literacy teaching activities such as arrangements that are involving the development of settings after school, where for analyzing the classrooms the community meets the teachers, discuss the observations of household and innovations are developed in the literacy teaching (Whitebread Coltman, 2015). These settings related to after school will be representing the social contexts for supporting, assisting, and informing the work of teachers. In usual terms, the settings for researchers and teachers mean exchanging of the funds of knowledge. Posing the questions related to the history of the family in which questions regarding the educational levels, which have helped the teachers in establishing the baseline for discussing the literacy, the styles of parenting, and the attitudes that students have towards school can give access to the funds of knowledge of students. References Miller, L., Cable, C., Goodliff, G. (Eds.). (2014).Supporting children's learning in the early years. Routledge. Whitebread, D., Coltman, P. (Eds.). (2015).Teaching and learning in the early years. Routledge.

Management at J C Penney Company, Inc

Introduction J C Penney Company is a commercial entity that operates a variety of departmental stores, mostly in the American market. The company operates from Plano, Texas. From this operational locus, the company effectively coordinates its operations in all states where it has operations. In addition, the company operates several departmental Stores in Puerto Rico (Plunkett, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Management at J C Penney Company, Inc specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through its departmental stores and other related establishments, the company endeavours to achieve and consolidate its operations within the market. This creates additional advantage over competitors in the market. The company ensures that its stores are strategically located in areas that guarantee productivity and sustenance of competitive edge with regard to market functions and operations (Plunkett, 2007). Towards the end of the 20th century, the management of J C Penney Company acknowledged the growing popularity of shopping malls. Consequently, it embraced the trend and eventually incorporated it as part of its operational regimen. In recent years, the company has increasingly responded to consumer demands and articulations by initiating products and services that fulfil emergent needs of its customers (Plunkett, 2007). Through innovative and creative approach to commerce, the company has effectively shifted from traditional business practices that do not recognize modern operational thresholds in business. In 1998, the company began efforts to realign its operations in catalogue and distribution services through various changes at all stores and departmental establishments. These efforts have seen the company through various turbulent stages of its national and regional operations (Plunkett, 2007). The management of J C Penney Company has indeed played an integral role in building and restructuring t he company to its current standing and stature in the market. Discussion The incorporation of J C Penney Company is a tale of exploits by its founder, James Cash Penney. Upon completing his high school studies, he undertook various duties and responsibilities at a local store in Hamilton. Penny later moved to Colorado owing to health concerns. In Colorado, he worked for various department stores where he assisted in creation and incorporation of new stores (Plunkett, 2007). He later acquired full control of the stores through purchase of a substantial stake in the commercial establishments. In 1909, he relocated all operations to Salt Lake City in Utah. Infrastructural developments necessitated the shift from Colorado to Utah. Within a period of three years, Penney had 34 commercial establishments in various states across the United States.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More L ater on, all department stores enjoined under the banner of J C Penney Company. This consolidation aimed at creating a formidable operational threshold that would effectively counter various forces in the market (Plunkett, 2007). In the course of its development and growth, J C Penny Company has weathered various storms that were fundamental in its propagation as a commercial entity. For instance, it has undergone various alignments through change of management and corporate acquisitions. In 1913, the company co-opted William Henry McManus as a statutory director and co-founder (Hitt, 2005). This geared towards creation and consolidation of superior service through dynamic and progressive management practices. In the end, the management gamble paid off as the company doubled its operations across the market. Another monumental step in its growth was the relocation to Newyork in 1914. This move sought to simplify procurement procedures, financial services, and infrastructural support services. This created a favourable ground for growth and development of the company’s portfolio and dominance within the market (Hitt, 2005). Management is an integral component in daily operations of commercial entities. Devoid of proper and supportive management practices, businesses cannot deliver on their mandate and expectations. Since its inception, J C Penney Company has had a complete metamorphosis with regard to management and running of business undertakings. In early days of operation, the company undertook a conservative approach to management (Hitt, 2005). This approach ensured clear understanding of recurrent needs within the market. The management approach guaranteed success and profitability in a competitive corporate environment. Despite various challenges and shortcomings within the market, J C Penney grew into a successful business entity. Early success of the company emanated from sound managerial practices that anchored on strategic alignments within th e market. Through sound management, J C Penny made several acquisitions that heralded a bright future with regard to growth and expansion (Hitt, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Management at J C Penney Company, Inc specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to technological advancements, J C Penney Company had to realign its operations with current realities and challenges. The company had to alter its structural framework in order to support its operations in a highly dynamic and modernized economic and commercial landscape. Over several decades, the company initiated organizational changes that ameliorated its ability to launch and propagate new and innovative products. Towards the end of the 20th century, the company inaugurated its internet outfit that preoccupied with online retail and merchandising (Hitt, 2005). This approach increased its hegemony in commerce because of the ability to reach a wide and d iverse range of clientele. However, these efforts led to closure and termination of several stores that could not sustain profitability in a competitive market (Hitt, 2005). Later on, the company terminated its drug store services in a bid to reinvent itself. Through its online outfit, J C Penney developed a profit regime that heralded unprecedented success and growth in a volatile market. By all standards, the company continues to record success due to its style of management. The management team strives to ensure growth, expansion, and profitability through innovative management practices. Therefore, it is evident that the company is under good management that not only grows it but also ensures dominance and propagation in a competitive domain (Lehman, 2008). As earlier mentioned, it is important for organizations to cultivate a culture of proper and sustainable management in order to support and enhance growth, expansion, and profitability. This creates room for incorporation of new and innovative ideas that catapult the organization to greater corporate success. In case of J C Penny Company, top management team have continually played a pivotal role in introducing and sustaining new and innovative concepts that ultimately enhance productivity (Lehman, 2008). The shift from catalogue to internet retail trading was monumental and crucial in various ways. The company had to invoke several structural adjustments with regard to operations and undertakings within the market. This shift required intense and concerted participation by the top management team. The team offered guidance in every step throughout the implementation process (Lehman, 2008). The team supported such endeavours through enactment of policy guidelines that sought to validate and expedite the transition.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The process was successful and helpful in converting the company into a competitive commercial entity. However, numerous hiccups threatened to derail the process. Such challenges provided a favourable opportunity for innovation and expansion (Lehman, 2008). In modern society, celebrities hold great relevance in terms of influence and public opinion. Various organizations utilize such influence as a tool for marketing their goods and services. J C Penney Company uses celebrities in marketing products that ultimately record success in the market. By using celebrities in product endorsements, the company realizes their inherent potential in influencing and swaying public opinion (Hare, 2004). This effectively raises the profile of company products and other related services. This is an effective way of promoting products and services in the market. People tend to associate the products with the celebrities who endorse such products. Innovation is a very critical aspect in success of or ganizations as they pursue productivity and profitability. Through innovation, organizations position themselves in strategic areas of competence and operation within their respective markets. For J C Penney Company, one innovative idea would be introduction of wider and intensive delivery networks to support availability of goods in the market (Hare, 2004). Through such delivery networks, the company would intensify its services to respective market segments. This idea would materialize through incorporation of all relevant stakeholders in the process of implementing the changes. J C Penny Company is very prepared with regard to adapting to modern changes in the market. Ability to meet customer needs is a very important aspect in business. The company has a clear and informed understanding of all areas that concern service to its customers. This guarantees customer satisfaction in all areas of operation within its market (Hare, 2004). Conclusion J C Penney Company continues to reco rd positive results in all areas of operation within its market scope. The ultimate success and productivity of this company depends on factors such as innovativeness and proper management skills. Without proper management, it is difficult for the company to record any meaningful success in commercial undertakings. Despite various challenges and shortcomings within the market, J C Penney grew into a successful business entity (Hare, 2004). Early success of the company emanated from sound managerial practices that anchored on strategic alignments within the market. Through sound management, J C Penney made several acquisitions that heralded a bright future with regard to growth and expansion. Indeed, J C Penny Company is a formidable force in the world of retail business around the world. References Hare, B. (2004). Celebration of Fools: An Inside Look at the Rise and Fall of J CÂ  Penney. London: Cengage Learning. Hitt, M. (2005). Understanding Business Strategy: Concepts and Cases . London: CENGAGE. Lehman, M. (2008). Century 21 Accounting. London: Oxford University Press. Plunkett, J. (2007). Retail Industry Giants: J C Penney. Newyork: Taylor Francis. This report on Management at J C Penney Company, Inc was written and submitted by user T'Challa to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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